Comparing and Contrasting the Philosophies

Chelsea Long Philosophy 100-005 Prompt 2 Final Essay Even though they were separated by thousands of years, hundreds of miles, and different cultures, the philosophical views of Friedrich Nietzsche and Plato can be examined and weighed against each other in many different ways. Friedrich Nietzsche, born in 1844, was a German philosopher whose main goal was to erect a new image for the people and to create a free spirit in them. Plato, born in 427 B. C. , was a Greek philosopher whose main goal was to create a new way of thinking about the world itself, knowledge itself, philosophy itself, and the individual.Both philosophers have obvious similarities; their literary style of writing is perhaps the most apparent, but also their desire to create a new way of thinking for the people in which they hoped to influence. Nietzsche thought that by standing outside of society and looking at it from a different view, one could take on the ideal of a free spirit. Analogous to this view is Platoà ¢â‚¬â„¢s view from the allegory of the cave which illustrates humans as being completely unaware of what the actual world is.Even though they lived in completely different societies, both philosophers thought that the view of the world that society holds shelters the individual from seeing the true nature of reality. However, the nature of said reality was very different for both philosophers. Nietzsche believed in a â€Å"what you see is what you get† kind of view of reality. His â€Å"amor fati† view of reality posed that in order to achieve an optimistic view; the individual must learn to love fate. This also involves accepting reality for exactly what it is and not creating a false sense of â€Å"reality†Ã¢â‚¬â€what the person would â€Å"like† to see.Because of Nietzsche’s opinion that ‘God is dead† he believed that this life was all there was, so the best way to live was to realize the true actuality of the world, and to also use the love of what is real and actual to enjoy life. Plato, on the other hand, had a completely different concept of reality. His theory of the â€Å"forms† illustrated everything that we see in this world as just a less perfect model of the actual â€Å"form† of the thing or idea. Nothing that we see in this world is actual or perfect, but is just an imperfect imitation.Plato’s divided line interpretation presents the universe into the visible realm (images, copies, plants, animals) and the intelligible realm (mathematics, ideas, and the forms); literally a two-tiered view of reality. This differs greatly from Nietzsche’s philosophy. Nietzsche rejects this â€Å"two-tiered† view of reality; he believes that having this view of reality is actually detrimental and hinders the individual from living a full and optimistic life. Although their views on how the individual is shielded by society are similar, the view on reality of Nietzsche and Plato is o ne of the main differences in their philosophical outlooks.Nietzsche and Plato both put a considerable amount of emphasis on creating the individual and viewing life as a work of art that is a canvas for knowledge and value, thus asking the question: â€Å"What constitutes a virtuous life? † Both philosophers believe in turning ones back on the morals and values that society holds and exploring these morals and values for the individual themselves. One of the most famous Greek aphorisms is â€Å"know thyself. † Nietzsche and Plato both believe that creating ourselves as individuals will lead to happiness.However, the journey of self-discovery is different for each philosopher. Plato believes that knowledge is the most important factor in the creation of virtue and happiness. Seeking after knowledge leads to the affirmation of values and virtue, which then leads to happiness. By taking the time to learn and wonder and discover understanding for ourselves, we can achieve contentment. Nietzsche, on the other hand, believes that pure academic scholarship is not the way to liberate the free-thinkers of the future.Also, Nietzsche considers the revaluation of values, which means that old values need to be reconsidered to find justification of life within life. He believes that knowledge has the ability to not take itself too seriously. Nietzsche is an advocate for uniting knowledge and play. He supposes that we create our values ourselves and do not discover them from nature or reason, as supposed by Plato. However, both philosophers believe that knowing your own ignorance and having a willingness to accept the fact that we are sometimes wrong and at fault is a vital step in creating the morals and values that we hold.Another main similarity between the philosophies of Nietzsche and Plato is the belief that the greatest individual is not the wealthiest, but the thinker, the artist, the musician, and namely, the philosopher. Both hold the love of wisdom in high regard (although Plato holds it in higher regard that Nietzsche). The goal of this is to pass on the views of one to many, therefore changing the views of society. With or without meaning to, both of these philosophers are trying to evoke a rise in society. Plato and Nietzsche both were suspicious of government and wanted people to be at war with their time.From doing so, they hoped to create a change on an individual’s outlook on life. As with most philosophers, the philosophical method of both Plato and Nietzsche was influenced by philosophers before them. Plato is the well-known protege of Socrates. Many of Plato’s dialogues include Socrates in them or are written about Socrates, such as The Apology, which is Plato’s account of the trial of Socrates. These are called Plato’s Socratic Dialogues. The philosophical views of Socrates greatly influenced the views of Plato. Nietzsche was widely influenced by the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer.After studying the view of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche’s writings sometimes included him supporting or rejecting Schopenhauer’s philosophical viewpoint. The optimism found in Nietzsche’s philosophy results from his rejection of Schopenhauer’s pessimistic philosophical viewpoint. One of the biggest differences between Plato and Nietzsche comes from their view of Socrates. While Socrates was a role model to Plato, he was the opposite for Nietzsche. Socrates often demanded the â€Å"truth at all costs† –meaning that no matter how much hurt or disorder the truth costs, it should still be told for the sake of truth itself.Nietzsche questioned to what extent truth can be endured. He then goes on to shift the term he uses for truth. â€Å"Truth† is errors believed to be true by philosophers (examples are equal things, substance, and free will). Nietzsche’s TRUTH relies on the recognition that previous â€Å"truths† are founded on errors and that knowledge is limited, which is the opposite of Socrates’ conception of truth. By letting go of previous â€Å"truths† we can thus understand the TRUTH. Not all truth comes from knowledge, but from error as well.Another main difference between the philosophical views of Socrates and Nietzsche is that Nietzsche looked at philosophy as an â€Å"intellectual science† and not a science. He viewed philosophy in more of a humanities category and as a spiritual science. Socrates, on the other hand, viewed philosophy as the most important of all sciences. Nietzsche also criticizes Socrates in other ways. He attacks his personality. To Nietzsche, Socrates â€Å"pretended† to be a rebel against society (a sort of â€Å"free spirit† in Nietzsche’s book); however, when Socrates was sentenced in Athens, he gave in and became a â€Å"slave to society. Nietzsche’s philosophy says that this life is all we have so we need to enjoy it. From lo oking at Socrates’ famous last words: â€Å"Now that I am dying, I owe the god of medicine a debt,† Nietzsche concludes that Socrates didn’t enjoy his life. Socrates is saying in his last words that life is just one big disease. This goes against all of Nietzsche’s philosophy, which unites the tragedy of existence with the comedy of life. The viewpoint of Nietzsche and Plato on the philosophical view of Socrates is a major difference between the two philosophers. Much of Nietzsche’s philosophy comes from his conclusion that â€Å"God is dead. This view on religion is another major difference between Plato and Nietzsche. While Nietzsche was considered an atheist, Plato believed in the principle of God. Plato’s â€Å"God† was the Form of â€Å"the Good. † The â€Å"Good† did not even fall on Plato’s divided line but was raised above it, shining down all both the visible and intelligible realm. Everything strives to be like the Form of the Good, but can never attain it (similar to the Christian view of Jesus –a perfect â€Å"good† that people strive to be but can never reach). Because Nietzsche and Plato had such differing views on religion, their philosophies as a whole are quite different.There are similarities that can be picked out of both men’s viewpoints –however the conceptual differences outweigh the resemblance. Plato’s and Nietzsche’s differing views on the nature of reality, the journey of self-discovery, the philosophy of Socrates, and religion cause Nietzsche to be critical of Plato. Nietzsche completely rejects much of Plato’s core philosophical view. The main aspect Nietzsche is critical of Plato is Plato’s two-tiered view of the world. Nietzsche whole philosophy is centered on the realization that what we have now is all we will ever have.Plato takes that philosophy and changes it completely – creating a whole new r ealm that is not visible to the human eye. Even though both philosophers believe in overcoming society, the importance of self-creation, knowing your own faults, and putting the philosopher in high acclaim, I would argue that the differences between the Nietzsche and Plato cannot be reconciled. The foremost cores of their philosophical viewpoints will never match up. Nietzsche will never agree with a two-tiered view of reality and one of Plato’s biggest belief systems is the Forms. Socrates will always be a hero to Plato, whereas he is not in Nietzsche’s opinion.One of the philosopher’s would have to change the entire concepts of their philosophy in order for the two viewpoints to reconcile. Personally, I agree more with Nietzsche’s philosophy. Even though I do not believe that God is dead, I do think that religion is dying in our society. We are experiencing a cultural shift toward a more secular society. In the wake of this, I have noticed people have s tarted to live their lives for the â€Å"right-now. † Also, I think that we should love fate and accept the reality of lives. In my opinion, people who live in a fantasy land aren’t truly living.People who accept their disappointments in life and are still happy and optimistic are more admirable to me. Additionally, I like how Nietzsche thinks that we should take the time to create ourselves in life. Creating yourself, to me, is the most important thing we can do. By looking away from what society tells us to do or be, we can truly becoming â€Å"free† and in doing so, live happier lives. I feel as though Nietzsche wants us to enjoy the small things in life and to take life as it comes. Honestly, Nietzsche has been my favorite philosopher to read and study, and the one whose viewpoint I agree with the most.

Hunted – Creative Writing

It was a cold, wet, December night and Macauley Taylor was casually strolling down the long, dark, winding lane, on this way back from a tiring football practice. He could feel his legs aching as he walked, having been crudely taken out towards the end. He just wanted to get home. Suddenly, three men appeared out of nowhere, at the end of the road. Macauley recognised these three men. â€Å"This is bad,† he thought to himself as he tentatively stepped nearer to them. Relief. He had successfully waded his way past the little huddle the men had made, with all his bones intact. All of a sudden, there was a shout of, â€Å"Get him!† and Macauley had three huge figures gunning him down. He could smell their foul putrid breath behind him. He could taste the hate in the words billowing from their mouths. He was running as fast as his tender feet would carry him. A warehouse gradually came into view through the dank darkness. He ran towards it, making quick, unexpected changes in the direction he was going, hoping to shake one of his pursuers off. He did this successfully and, before long, had found an empty storage compartment and hid in there, hoping none of them had seen him. He heard the three of them walking around, shouting his name, telling him that if he came out now, it wouldn't be half as bad for him as it would be if they had to find him. He was praying they wouldn't find him, as he quite liked his legs how they were. With all the bones NOT BROKEN. He could tell they were moving further away from him, as their voices were getting more and more distant. He was wondering about maybe making an escape sooner, and risk getting caught, or later. He knew his mother would be getting extremely worried about him as he normally got home around an hour ago. He made his mind up. Get home. He moved soundlessly to the door of the compartment and moved his head around the door. Luckily, no one was close and he was able to slide out and find his way back onto the country road. He'd made it. Safety. Thanking his lucky stars, Macauley made his way up the road. *BANG* A gunshot hit the night sky like the crack of a whip. Macauley sank down his knees, not in pain, in pure shock. He could feel blood pouring down his back as if someone had poured a glass of water down the back of his top. His whole life flashed before his eyes like one of those old drive-in movies. He thought of the things he regretted; things that were said, things that weren't†¦ He wished his mum were there, just so he could tell her how much he loved her. Just once. He never showed her how much he meant to her. Swiftly, a bright, tunnel of light emerged in front of him. Standing at the entrance of the tunnel, was his Dad. The Dad: who had died a year before. The Dad: who Macauley had spent every night of the following six months crying for, begging him to come back, to not leave him. The Dad: who was Macauley's hero in every walk of life was now here. Standing right in front of him. He said to him, â€Å"Don't be scared, son, it's all all right now†. He cautiously tiptoed towards him, then ran, then sprinted in the direction of his idol. He reached the end of the tunnel, and with it, came the end of his life on Earth.

A review of an article (Carr) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A review of an article (Carr) - Essay Example The chief information officers have the role of ensuring that the senior managements are equipped with ideas that can leverage IT investments so that they can be different from other businesses and have advantage over the others. Commoditization of IT has the hallmark of infrastructural technology. It is based on the fact that it is a transport mechanism that is concerned with digital information. Like in the case of railroads how it carries goods and power grids carry electricity. IT has been used as a medium that is used to carry digital information and thus increasing interconnectivity and interoperability with other users. Through sharing of information in local area networks, ethernet or to internet individuals are connected. The use of technology in the business brings greater homogenization and well functionality (Nicholas, 2003). In the business when IT is encourage, it implies that transparency and accountability is attained in the organization. Additionally, IT has made businesses to perform their daily routines in a faster way. Manual work that used to be done by entire staff is being done by one employee who is accurate and hits the deadlines. Businesses are engaging in software related issues that help to generate inventory stock. For example, one does not need to write an application using word processing since there is chain management that is ready –made and sold at affordable cost. Most business activities have to use software that has generic applications. They consider generic applications due to cost and interoperability. Internet accelerates commoditization of IT since it helps businesses to have the opportunity to deliver generic applications. The third parties retailers provide the software’s to the companies just like how power is distributed to the consumers. The major vendors of the software’s , like Microsoft, IBM try to position

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Art history - Essay Example Art history It is hard to take out the truth from the illusions. Cassius Dio had told her story and enclosed it as he says "She captivated the two greatest Romans of her day, and because of the third she destroyed herself." When Cleopatra was eighteen years old, she got married to son of Ptolemy who was only nine years old at that time. Cleopatra was an intelligent and power oriented girl. She wanted to rule the throne all by herself. She tried to rule alone and if not alone, at least not equivalent to her brother. Cleopatra's rule was over thrown by the ministers in 48 BCE. In the mean time Pompey came to Egypt while he was being chased by forces of Julius Caesar1. Pompey was killed by Ptolemy XIII. Cleopatra's sister and Ptolemy XIII affirmed herself ruler as Arsinoe IV2. Cleopatra had to win the support of Julius Caesar's, the fasanating stories tell that she wrapped her self in a jewel carpet and presented herself to him. In a fight with Caesar, Ptolemy XIII died, and Caesar returned Cleopatra to power in Egypt and her brother Ptolemy XIV came in as a co-ruler. Cleopatra had a son in 46 BCE, Cleopatra gave her newborn son, the name Ptolemy Caesarion. She claimed that he was Julius Caesar's son and that she was married to him. But Julius Caesar's never accepted to be his father officially but he did take Cleopatra to Rome. Caesar was murdered in 44 BCE . After his death Cleopatra returned to Egypt. Here her brother and co-ruler died and she appointed her son as a co-ruler. The next Roman military governor Marc Antony called her to pay a visit with other rulers who were being controlled by Rome. Cleopatra appeared significantly in 41 BCE she was able to convince him that she was innocent of charges put upon her, gained support of Caesar's supporters in Rome and his support too. Antony spent a winter with Cleopatra and they had twins. When he went back he got married to Octavia. Cleopatra had returned to Alexandria and Antony came there in 34 BCE. Cleopatra financed him and he opposed Octavian in the Battle of Actium (31 BCE) but due to few mistakes Cleopatra ended up into defeat. Cleopatra tried her best to agree Octavian to support her children's progression to power but unfortunately failed to come to any agreement. In 30 BCE, Marc Antony was told that Cleopatra had been killed as they say, in distres s he killed himself. Death of Cleopatra Octavian had taken over the state of Cleopatra. When his men reached Cleopatra's monument, she did not open and denied to let them enter. The soldiers entered in her monument finally by climbing in by a window. Cleopatra tried to break through but was caught and imprisoned in her mausoleum. Cleopatra wanted to die as her ego had been hurt. So she worked out on a plan to commit suicide. It is said that as a first step Cleopatra acted as if she was not feeling well. Octavian sent for a doctor. When the physician came, Cleopatra whispered something to him and he went away. She was well again. She asked for fabulous clothes and finest jewelry. She took a bath and wished to go to Anthony's tomb which she was allowed. When she returned from there Cleopatra, she asked for a big feast. Surprisingly, Octavian did not raise any objection on all this. So Cleopatra sat with her servants and had her

Classroom Management and Communication with Parents Assignment

Classroom Management and Communication with Parents - Assignment Example The seating arrangement of the teacher should be ensured in the instructional area. It will help the students to listen to the teachers quite transparently. On the other hand, the seats of the students should be arranged in such a way that can help the students to face the teachers or the instructors vertically (Marks, 2010). It will help to enhance face to face interaction between the teachers and the students. Computer can be considered as an important classroom resource that can enhance the digital visualization of the species. There should be one computer in the classroom. This computer should be arranged and established in the instructional area show that the teacher or the instructor can have easy access to it. Projector also can be considered as one of the important resources of this plant unit classroom. This projector will be placed at the centre ceiling of the classroom. It will be connected to the computer. A giant screen can be considered as a type of other special equipment that should utilized to visualize the samples or graphs or figures of the species that are stored in the computer. This giant screen should be placed right behind the instructional area. This arrangement or placement will help the students to face the instructor and the giant screen vertically. It can enhance the level of learning and understanding of the students. Therefore, it is clear that one instruction al table, vertically faced seating arrangement of students, one computer, one projector and one giant screen should be arranged for the classroom setting. On the other hand, five reference books, pens and papers will be used as the required non-technology resources in the classroom. This type of classroom setting will help to enhance effective both way communication between the teachers and the students. It is true that the teachers will try to teach the students

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Critical Analysis - Essay Example this section is that the authors have titled the various sections of information within the abstract with their respective headings which makes it easy for the audience to make an objective assessment about the nature of research and its value. This is unlike most research papers in which the authors present all information under one heading of the abstract. The conventional approach towards writing the abstract is inconvenient as compared to the one adopted by the authors in this research paper. Another strong point of this abstract is that the authors have clearly depicted the audience of this research paper within the abstract, which happen to be the public relations practitioners. This increases the chances of this research paper of being read by the public relations practitioners as they will know right from the start that this is something that addresses their concern even if they may not be able to relate to the title. However, the authors could have used better words to summa rize their findings within the abstract. The statement, â€Å"Korea used a more aggressive strategy than was expected† in a way shows that the authors had preformed perceptions about the Korean strategy which might have kept them a little biased towards its analysis as compared to the other strategy. The biggest weakness of this section is that it is not there in the research paper or even if it is, it is not distinguishable from the literature review. Background of a research and its literature review are two completely different sections with the former developing a framework of thought for the audience and the latter reflecting upon the research done on the topic so far. But in this research paper, the authors have directly put the headings of the various events that have been discussed which puts the audience into confusion about whether it is background or the literature review. Nonetheless, the same point can be considered as a strength in a way because it directly gives the

The Vision Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Vision Statement - Essay Example In other words, the vision statement describes the strategic objectives of an organization that are to be accomplished in the long run. â€Å"Your vision Statement is a succinct declaration of your ideal future, usually three, five or ten years out† (Woolf, 2012). On the other hand, the mission statement describes the short-term goals of the organization. Another perspective about the difference between the vision statement and the mission statement of an organization is that the vision statement talks about the personal growth of business as wanted by the owners of an organization in the long run whereas the mission statement talks about the benefits the organization will provide the society with as it functions by delivering its goods or services to the consumers. The vision statement gives a direction to the organization. Both the vision statement and the mission statement consist of goals, but the factor that distinguishes between the two kinds of statement is the entity t hat will benefit from the achievement of those goals. Mobilink is a telecommunication company in Pakistan. The vision statement of Mobilink is, â€Å"To be the leading Telecommunication Services Provider in Pakistan by offering innovative Communication solutions for our Customers while exceeding Shareholder value & Employee Expectations† (Mobilink, 2012). ... The importance of a vision statement for an organization cannot be overemphasized. Having an appropriate vision can help an organization because the vision statement gives it direction. â€Å"Without it, it’s like setting sail in a yacht with neither a sail nor an anchor – the sail to get you there with the help of the wind, and the anchor to moor you both along the way and when you get ‘there.’† (Woolf, 2012). Once the leader of an organization knows where he/she wants to take the organization in the future, he/she decides the course of action accordingly. There are various milestones in the identified course of action leading to the attainment of the ultimate objective. For example, Mobilink’s vision statement suggests that the leader of this company needs to adopt such strategies that Mobilink is not just as good as its contemporaries in the market, but is good enough to lead them in Pakistan. Vision statement does encourage organizational change. Change is an inherent process of any organization that wants to progress. In order to be successful, the micro- and macro-culture of an organization needs to be modified so as to adapt to the changing environment and advancing technology. In case of Mobilink, if Mobilink wants to be the leading telecommunication services provider, it is imperative that it keeps advancing constantly to keep performing better than other telecommunication services providing companies in Pakistan. This requires adoption of new technology, which in turn requires constant change. Change needs to be introduced at every level. Not only the new technology is to be purchased, but also the workforce has to be provided with education and training in order to inculcate the necessary skills in them required to use the

Free Trade and Fair Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Free Trade and Fair Trade - Research Paper Example ng trade and therefore facilitating economic growth and development while fair trade aims at empowering the disadvantaged groups and helping them to improve their living standards. The two concepts also differ in the individuals that they benefit because while free trade benefits established traders in the global market such as multinational corporations, fair trade benefits marginalized economic players, especially in less developed countries. The scope of the two concepts also identifies antagonizing effects. While liberalization such as lowering of tariffs and elimination of trade barriers characterize free trade, fair trade identifies restrictions that may aim at restricting entry of more efficient prayers in a given market segment (Fair Trade Resource 1). Free trade identifies eliminated regulations and restriction in a market with the aim of promoting trade and economic activities while fair trade involves establishment of restrictions and regulations with the aim of protecting a marginalized group in a market. Fair Trade Resource. â€Å"How does fair trade differ from free trade?† Free Trade Resource. N.d. Web. February 4, 2014.

Promote Equality and Inclusion in Health Essay Example for Free

Promote Equality and Inclusion in Health Essay 1.1 Explain what is meant by * Diversity * Equality * Inclusion Diversity basically means difference. Diversity is about understanding that everyone has things in common but also that everyone is different. Diversity is about embracing those differences because if everything and everyone was the same then life would be boaring. Some examples of diversity are listed below: see more:identify which legislation and codes of practice relating to equality diversity and discrimination * Gender * Race * Culture * Beliefs * Ability * Talent * Personality * Age Equality means that everyone has the right to be treated equally and appropriate for their individual needs. Inclusion is every individuals human right, the aim of inclusion is to embrace everyone irrespective of their differences i.e. sex, race disability, race, religion etc. Everyone should have equal access and opportunities. 1.2 Describe the potential effects of discrimination The effects of discrimination show differently for different people, the effects could fall into the physical or psychological categories. Some potential effects of discrimination are: * Anger * Humiliation * Low self esteem * Frustration * Feelings of hopelessness * Fear * Isolation * Weight loss * Weight gain * Loss of drive/motivation * Increased behaviors * Non participation * Lack of education 1.3 Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity Inclusive practices are about making sure that there are no barriers that exclude people or inhibit them from fully participating in all aspects of everyday life in society. Inclusive practices is about constantly challenging areas of society that discriminate against people that are different, ask asking questions like â€Å"what changes need to happen so that everone can participate no matter what differences them may have?†, then doing whatever it takes to make them changes happen. 2.1Explain how legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to own work role. The regulatory bodies that exist in the uk have codes of practice, these codes exist for the benefit of both employers and their workforce, they have been designed to improve the quality of services that people receive in the health and social care field. Below are a few requirements set out in codes of practice that apply to my work role in health and social care: * Protect the rights and promote the interests of people and their careers – this is to include * The respect for individuality * The respect for equal opportunities * The respect for diversity * The respect for dignity * The respect for privacy * To establish and maintain the trust of people and their careers – this is to include * No neglect * No abusing * No exploiting * Non forming of improper personal relationships * No discrimination * Don’t abuse trust of confidentiality * No unnecessary risks should be taken * To uphold public trust and confidence in the social care services – this is to include * Maintaining confidentiality * Using effective communication * Honoring commitments * Declaring conflicts of interest * Non acceptance of gifts * Promote the independence of people while protecting them from danger – this is to include * Recognizing the right to take risks * Following risk assessments * Minimizing risks * Informing others of risk assessments * Respect the rights of people while seeking to ensure that their behavior does not cause harm to themselves or other people – this is to include * Maintenance of rights * Challenging dangerous behavior * Reporting dangerous behavior * Following safe practice * Reporting unsafe practice * Help people to make complaints * Follow health and safety regs * Using power responsibly * Be accountable for the quality of one’s own work and to take responsibility for improving knowledge and skills – this is to include * Meeting standards * Maintaining records * Informing employers of personal difficulties If we follow these codes of practice, then my role as a health and social care worker will be greatly improved, and the way in which I support my service users will ensure that their rights and their support levels are met. 3.3 Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change If I was to witness discrimination whether it is sexual, racial or any other form of discrimination, I would challenge it immediately, I could do this by firstly reporting the incident and recording the facts. I would report it to my line manager as they have more power to help change take place. If colleagues were not treating all service users fairly or promoting diversity I could challenge them in a professional manner, I could tell them than their actions are offending not only myself but they are inflicting a form of abuse on the service users themselves, I could advise them that their words and actions could be subject to disciplinary actions . By actively promoting diversity and equality in my work place I could help change people’s mind and their actions and in doing so I would have helped promote change in my work place

Different Types of Soils in India Essay Example for Free

Different Types of Soils in India Essay 1. Black soils The principal region of black soils is the Deccan plateau and its periphery extending from 8Â °45to 26o north latitude and 68o to 83o45 east longitude. They are formed from Deccan basalt trap rocks and occur in areas under the monsoon climate, mostly of semi-arid and sub-humid types. The overall climate of black soil region may be described as hot and dry summer, 40-100 cm rainfall per annum, mild to moderate winters and annual temperature ranges from 24-30o centigrade, mean maximum temperature during April-May ranges from 36~42Â °C arid mean minimum temperature during winter ranges from 15-24Â ° centigrade. Semi-arid to sub-humid, tropical to sub-tropical monsoon type climate with alternate dry and wet periods and calcification (formation of calcium carbonate) are favourable to the formation of black soils. The soils are characterised by dark grey to black colour with 35-60% clay, neutral to slightly alkaline reaction, high swelling and shrinkage, plasticity, deep cracks during summer and poor status of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. Impeded drainage and low permeability are the major problems. Black soils. are divided into shallow black soil of a depth of 30-50 cms, medium black soils of 50-120 cm and deep black soils of more than 120 centimeters. The natural vegetation comprises dry deciduous species, viz palas (Butes frondoss), sisam (Dalbergia sisu), neem (Azadirachta indica) and teak (Tectona grandis). Cotton, sugarcane, groundnut, millets, maize, pulses, safflower are the common crops grown on these soils. Because of their inherent drainage problem, they are prone to salinity and sodicity under irrigated conditions unless proper drainage is ensured. Because of its high water retaining capacity, rainfed crops like minor millets, pulses like horse gram are vegetables of different types and citrus fruits can also be grown. These soils are also known as regurs, nullah regadi (a telugu word meaning black clay) and black cotton soils as cotton was the major crop grown in these soils. 2. Red soils These soils are derived from granite, gneiss and other metamorphic rocks. These soils are formed under well drained condition. The climate is semi-arid tropical with mean annual temperature of 25Â °C and mean annual rainfall from 75-100 cm. The soils are higher textured, friable structure and contains low soluble salts. They are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, well drained with moderate permeability. They are generally poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, lime, humus etc. In this soil, lime concretions and free carbonates are absent. The red colour is due to the higher degree of hydration of the fericoxide in the soils. On uplands, they are gravelly sandy or stony and porous and light coloured on which food crops like bajra can be grown. On the lower plains and valleys, they are dark, coloured fertile loams, irrigated crops like maize, wheat, pulses, potatoes, fruits, millets etc can be grown. These soils have also been found under forest vegetation. Sometimes they found along with black soils (side by side) and also yellow soils (red and yellow soils). Excessive gravelliness, surface crust formation and susceptibility to erosion due to high slopes are some of the problems in these soils which can be overcome by adopting suitable measures. Morphologically the red soils can be divided into red loams which have a cloddy structure and argillaceous soil and red earths with loose friable top soil rich in sesquioxide type of minerals. 3. Laterites and lateritic soils Laterite is a geological term and means literally a rock. The laterites and lateritic soils have been loosely used in the same sense. The lateritic soils are enriched with oxides of iron and aluminium, under the conditions of high rainfall with alternate dry and wet periods. During rainfall silica is leached downwards and iron and aluminium oxides remains in the top layers. Laterites are usually shallow and gravelly at higher lands, but are very deep loam to clay soils in the valleys where good paddy crops are produced. Higher landy soils are poor in nutrient status where as lower level soils are dark and richer in nutrients and organic matter. All lateritic soils are poor in calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. They are generally well drained and porous. The soil reaction is more on the acidic side. On laterites, as already mentioned, rice is grown at lower elevations and at higher elevations, tea, coffee, cinchona, rubber and cashewnut can be grown under good soil management conditions. On the whole, laterites are poor in fertility and readily respond to manuring and good cultivation. Based on the climate lateritic soils are grouped into high rainfall areas with strongly and weakly expressed dry season and humid zones with pronounced dry wet periods. 4. Alluvial soils Alluvial soils, cover the largest area in India (approximately 7 lakh km2) and these are the most important soils from agricultural point of view. The main features of alluvial soils have been derived as silt deposition laid down by the Indian river systems like the Indus, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the rivers like Narmada, Tapti: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery. These rivers carry the products of weathering of rocks constituting the mountains and deposit them along their path as they flow down the plain land towards the sea. Geologically, the alluvium is divided into recent alluvium which is known as Khadar and old alluvium, as bhangar. The newer alluvium is sandy and light coloured whereas older alluvium is more clayey, dark coloured and contains lime concretions. The soils have a wide range in soil characteristics viz. acid to alkaline sandy to clay, normal to saline, sodic and calcareous, shallow to very deep. The climate ranges from arid to humid s ub-tropical. The following groupings of alluvial soils may be recognised: alluvial soils (Khadar, bhangar and highly calcareous), deltaic alluvium, coastal alluvium, coastal sands, calcareous sierocomic and grey-brown soils. a. Alluvial soils The alluvial soils occuring in the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Brahmaputra valley cover a large area. The soils are transported and deposited by the rivers from the parent material. The rivers are the Ganga, Jamuna, Brahmaputra and their tributaries. The soils are deep and hard pans in the subsoil are calcareous (made of calcium carbonate) and acidic. These are deficient in nitrogen, phosphorous and humus, but not in potash and lime. These soils are fertile amongst all the soils of India. They produce a wide variety of crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, jute and potato. They are distributed mainly in the northern, north-western and north-eastern parts of our country. b. Deltaic alluvial soils They are formed from sediments carried by rivers and deposited in the mouths of rivers joining the sea. The deltas of the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery are the most important ones. In Gujarat, the deltaic alluvial soils which are sandy loam to clay loam are locally called Goradu soils. The Godavari and Krishna rivers pass through basaltic region having black soils and these soils are dark and fine textured. The Cauvery delta soils are significantly clayey and Ganga delta soils show high accumulation of organic matter, as in the Sunderbans of West Bengal, due to swampy vegetation. These soils are fertile and grow a wide variety of crops suited to climatic conditions. c. Coastal alluvium Soils developed on coastal alluvium are found along, the sea coasts. Soils are dark coloured, coarse textured and poor in fertility. Some soils are saline due to the inundation of sea water. Such soils in the Konkan coast of Maharashtra are called Khar soils. d. Coastal sands Sandy soils occur prominently in the coastal area of Tanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, along the Kerala coast, Bapatla in Guntur distrjct of Andhra Pradesh and Puri district in Orissa. If sandy soils are not saline, plantation crops like coconut, cashew and casuarina can be taken up for cultivation. Other soils under alluvium are calcareous sierozomes and grey brown soils. Calcareous sierozomes can be seen in the desertic region of Haryana and Punjab. The word sierozem denotes a group of soils having a brownish-grey surface horizon with a sub-layer of carbonates which is developed under mixed shrub vegetation in a-temperate to cool, arid climate. Grey-brown soils as the name itself indicates its nature, can be found in, desert soils of Rajasthan. 5. Desert soils In the north-western part of India, desert soils occur over an area of 0.29 million hecta,res, which includes a major part of Rajasthan, south of Haryana and Punjab and northern part of Gujarat. Rainfall ranges from less than 10 cms to 50 cms, mostly contributed during monsoon season. The region consists of sand dunes and undulating sandy plains. The temperature regime is very high throughout the year and a maximum of 50-60Â °C is recorded during summer. Due to high temperature organic-matter built up is very low. The soils in the plains are mostly derived from alluvium and are pale brown to brown to yellow brown and fine sandy to loamy fine sand and are structureless. The clay contents low and presence of alkaline earth carbonates is an important feature. The nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus makes the desert soils fertile and productive under proper moisture supply. By increasing the water holding capacity, the productivity of the soils can be increased which involve s addition of organic matter and clay. 6. Tarai soils The word tarai is a hindi word, which means moist. Thus, i\ is a wet regime having high water table. Tarai soils are foot hii soils and extend in strips of varying widths at the foot of Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar-Pradesh, Bihar and West-Bengal. Soils under the natural conditions are thickly vegetated and swampy. Several types of grasses and trees from the native vegetation on removal of which the soils become highly productive. The soils are formed from the materials that are washed down by the erosion of mountains. They are alluvial origin. High soil moisture content all through the year results in luxuriant vegetation dominated by tall grasses. They are neutral to slightly alkaline with significant amounts of organic matter. The texture varies from sandy loam to silty loam. Generally, these soils are fertile and by providing proper drainage, the productivity can be increased.